The Underground Economy
نویسنده
چکیده
DDoS DDoS is distributed denial of service, or an attack that focuses on using the power of a large number of computers to deny users access to a particular service. This attack is powerful and can often bring down entire websites by hitting them with a large amount of traffic. It is difficult to defend against when the attacker is using a botnet because the machines are distributed across the world and do not necessarily share any characteristics that can be used to mitigate the attack.
منابع مشابه
Estimating the Underground Economy in Iran (1965-2005): A MIMIC Approach
This study uses " Multiple Indicators â Multiple Causes" (MIMIC) approach to model the causal relations between main variables, which determine the underground economy in Iran. we Basically, it examines the relationship between underground and official GDP in Iran, using annual time-series data for Iran during 1965 â 2005. Accordingly, it is found that the estimated size of the underground ...
متن کاملModeling Iran`s Underground Economy: A Fuzzy Logic Approach
The underground economy has long been of interest to economists and has devoted extensive studies to itself in economic literature. Through fuzzy logic approach in present research, we estimated the size of underground economy of Iran over the period of 1978-2010. For this purpose and according to theoretical bases and previous studies, variables such as GDP per capita, ratio of direct taxes to...
متن کاملاقتصاد زیرزمینی و تأثیر آن بر
Hidden nature of underground economy makes it difficult to measure and carry out a direct study on it . Thus, most of the common measurement methods are the ones that indirectly estimate the extent of these activities and suffer from restrictive assumptions. In the past two decades, economists began to pay attention to measurement of underground economy volume and its causes and effects more t...
متن کاملA Fuzzy Logic Approach to Modelling the Underground Economy
The availability of data for the size of the “Underground Economy” is important for macroeconomic policy. We use fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic to construct an annual time-series for the (unobservable) New Zealand underground economy over the period 1968 to 1994. Two input variables are used – the effective tax rate and an index of the degree of regulation. The resulting underground economy t...
متن کاملThe underground economy in the Czech Republic: dynamic general equilibrium modeling and policy analysis
This paper studies the issue of tax evasion in the context of the underground economy. A dynamic general equilibrium model is built where individual households and entrepreneurs decide rationally whether to go underground and under-report their earnings. These behaviors affect tax revenues, which are used to finance productive public services. This model is applied to the Czech Republic, becaus...
متن کاملCash, Money Laundering, and the Size of Underground Economy
Given a vast empirical evidence that cash is widely used in the underground economy, inter-governmental bodies like FATF recommend policy measures aimed at limitation of cash and at combat of money laundering. We show that there is no simple monotone relationship between policy and the size of underground economy, so that the policy has at best a limited scope.
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